Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Raynaud’s phenomenon, syndrome, or disease is a rare disorder affecting the blood vessels in the fingers and toes, causing them to constrict excessively in response to cold, vibrations, or stress. In some cases, it can also affect the nose, tongue, ears, or nipples.

There are two types of Raynaud’s phenomenon:

• Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon: Not associated with any underlying condition. It is the most common form.
• Secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon: Triggered by another disease, usually autoimmune or inflammatory. It tends to be more severe.

Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon is more common in young women, particularly in colder climates. It is not a disabling disease but can significantly impact quality of life.

Symptoms

Raynaud’s phenomenon symptoms appear episodically when triggered, occurring in flare-ups that typically last about 15 minutes but can persist for hours. They are always reversible and rarely cause serious damage:

• Cold sensation in the affected area.
• Skin color changes: As blood flow decreases, the skin turns white, then blue. When circulation is restored, it becomes red or purple.
• Swelling and tingling sensations during the episode. When circulation returns, there may be pain or prickling.
• In severe cases, ulcers or sores on the skin.

Causes

Raynaud’s phenomenon symptoms result from a vasospasm—a narrowing or contraction of blood vessels in response to triggers—which restricts blood flow and reduces oxygen delivery to tissues. The exact reason for this reaction remains unclear.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for Raynaud’s phenomenon include:

• Sex: More common in women than in men.
• Age: Typically appears between ages 15 and 30. Pediatric cases are rare, with an average onset at 9 years old.
• Climate: More prevalent in people living in cold regions.
• Family history.
• Presence of certain diseases: Scleroderma, lupus, arterial disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, or Sjögren’s syndrome.
• Activities involving constant vibrations, such as using drills, typing, or playing the piano.
• Smoking: Narrows blood vessels.
• Medications affecting blood vessels, such as beta-blockers.

Complications

In severe cases—usually with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon—reduced blood flow can completely block an artery, leading to tissue damage. This may result in ulcers, sores, or, in extreme cases, tissue death (gangrene).

Prevention

To prevent Raynaud’s phenomenon symptoms, it is essential to:

• Protect yourself adequately from the cold.
• Manage stress levels.
• Avoid smoking.

What Specialist Treats Raynaud’s Phenomenon?

Raynaud’s phenomenon is diagnosed and treated by specialists in rheumatology, pediatric rheumatology, and cardiovascular medicine.