Asperger syndrome: a neurodevelopmental condition that requires understanding, proper diagnosis and social support

In Spain, current estimates suggest that around 450,000 people are on the autism spectrum (ASD), a neurodevelopmental condition that affects around 1% of the population, according to data available from the Spanish Centre for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Within this broad and heterogeneous spectrum, the profile traditionally known as Asperger's syndrome could represent between 18% and 27% of cases, according to different epidemiological studies.

Despite its frequency, doubts and misconceptions persist around this condition, which since 2013, with the publication of the DSM-5, is no longer considered a separate diagnosis but is now included within Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Dr Gloria López Sobrino Dr Gloria López Sobrino, a paediatric neurologist on the team of Dr Oriol Franch, head of the Neurology Department at Ruber Internacional Hospital, explains why: ‘The term Asperger's is used to describe a common profile within the autism spectrum, usually characterised by the absence of intellectual disability, formally preserved language development, very intense interests and a particular way of interpreting implicit social norms. However, it is a continuum, with great variability between individuals.’

A particular way of processing information

According to the specialist, Asperger's is characterised by a unique cognitive pattern. ‘The brain prioritises certain stimuli and has greater difficulty automatically integrating implicit social conventions, but it can show an extraordinary capacity for detail, logic, or memory.’

These differences do not imply lesser severity. The doctor points out that this is not a mild disorder, as many people experience significant suffering due to misunderstanding, isolation, or sensory overload. ‘They need adequate clinical and educational support and an environment that respects their way of perceiving and processing the world.’

Common myths and misconceptions

One of the most widespread misconceptions is the false idea that Asperger's implies a lack of empathy. The doctor clearly refutes this: ‘People with Asperger's do not lack empathy. They sometimes have difficulty interpreting emotions immediately, but they feel with great intensity and depth.’

Another common misconception is to associate it exclusively with exceptional abilities. ‘Not all people with Asperger's have extraordinary talents. There are as many profiles as there are people, and stereotypes distort reality,’ emphasises Dr López Sobrino.

The specialist also points out that not all visible symptoms can be explained by autism. ‘Anxiety and ADHD are common comorbidities and should be assessed independently. The approach—which combines psychoeducation, environmental adjustments, and, in some cases, medication—is key to improving quality of life.’

The 7 keys to understanding Asperger's syndrome

Dr Gloria López Sobrino summarises the essential points for properly interpreting this condition:

1. It is part of the autism spectrum, without intellectual disability.

2. Social difficulties are at the core of the diagnosis.

3. They have a logical, detail-oriented and systematic cognitive style.

4. They have intense and focused interests in specific topics.

5. Sensory sensitivity—to stimuli such as noise or lights—is common.

6. They require individualised support, not overprotection.

7. Early diagnosis promotes lifelong well-being.

‘The goal is not to change who they are, but to accompany them so that they can fully develop their potential in a world that is often unprepared to understand their way of thinking and relating to others,’ concludes the doctor.